These Guidelines serve to facilitate the co-operation between arbitrators and the Secretariat of the Vienna International Arbitral Center („VIAC“), the International Arbitration Institution of the Austrian federal Economic Chamber. In the following we will provide you with an overview of the essential aspects of case administration under the VIAC Rules of Arbitration 2021 („Vienna Rules“ or "VR") and the VIAC Rules of Investment Arbitration 2021 ("Vienna Investment Arbitration Rules" or "VRI"). References in these Guidelines to “Articles” without further specification relate to the relevant articles of both the Vienna Rules and the Vienna Investment Arbitration Rules. 

In addition, “The Vienna Protocol – A Practical Checklist for Remote Hearings” that may be used for arbitration proceedings administered by any institution provide useful guidance for parties, counsel and arbitrators when holding hearings in times of COVID-19.

If you have any further questions, the Secretariat will be happy to assist. You can reach our team by telephone at +43 5 90 900 4398 or by email to office@viac.eu. In addition, our website www.viac.eu contains plenty of information.

INDEX

I. ARBITRAL PROCEEDINGS

1. Case Administration by VIAC
2. Constitution of the Arbitral Tribunal and Transmission of the File
3. Tribunal Secretary ("Administrative Secretary")
4. Submission of Written Communications to the Secretariat - VIAC Portal 
5. Modalities of Hearings 
6. Conduct of the Proceedings 
7. Closure of the Proceedings and Time for Rendering the Award
8. Arbitral Awards

 

II. COSTS

1. Composition of the Procedural Costs 
2. Advance on Costs 
3. Additional Advance on Costs in Case of Modifications of the Amount in Dispute and Consequence of Non-Payment
4. Advance on Costs for Additional Procedural Costs
5. Calculation of the Procedural Costs and Reimbursement to Parties
6. Arbitrators' Fees
7. Reimbursement of Cash Outlays
8. Accounting and Value-Added Tax in Arbitration Proceedings

 

GUIDELINES FOR ARBITRATORS

I. ARBITRAL PROCEEDINGS

1. CASE ADMINISTRATION BY VIAC

The Secretariat (Art. 4 VR) manages the administrative matters of VIAC except for matters reserved to the VIAC Board (Art. 2 VR). The Secretariat of VIAC is overseen by the Secretary General, Niamh Leinwather, and the Deputy Secretary General, Elisabeth Vanas-Metzler. You can find profiles of all members of the Secretariat and the Board on our website (www.viac.eu).

Each arbitration case receives a case number starting with the prefix “ARB” (arbitration under the Vienna Rules) or “IARB” (arbitration under the Vienna Investment Arbitration Rules) and is assigned to a member of the Secretariat, whose name is then announced to you, for the management of the case. This case manager will assist you whenever you require the Secretariat’s support in administrative matters.

2. CONSTITUTION OF THE ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL AND TRANSMISSION OF THE FILE

An arbitrator is appointed based on the nomination by at least one party and subsequent confirmation by the Secretary General / Board or based on direct appointment by the Board. The designated arbitrator shall submit a declaration in accordance with Art. 16 paras. 3 and 4 (“Declaration of acceptance”) prior to appointment.

The Secretary General transmits the file to the arbitral tribunal only once the Secretariat has received the statement of claim (counterclaim) in accordance with the requirements of Art. 7, all members of the arbitral tribunal have been appointed, and the advance on costs pursuant to Art. 42 has been paid in full (Art. 11). Upon the transmission of the file, the arbitral tribunal commences its conduct of the proceedings.

3. TRIBUNAL SECRETARY ("ADMINISTRATIVE SECRETARY")

If the arbitral tribunal intends to nominate an administrative secretary, it shall inform the parties of this intention, the name and contact information of the proposed person, as well as the cost provision contained in Art. 44 para. 1, and shall submit a curriculum vitae as well as a declaration of impartiality, independence, and confidentiality of the proposed administrative secretary. The parties shall be granted the opportunity to comment. The name, contact information and declaration of impartiality, independence and confidentiality of a proposed administrative secretary shall also be submitted immediately to the Secretariat.

The arbitral tribunal is not permitted to transfer any tasks to the administrative secretary that are genuinely reserved to the arbitral tribunal, such as, in particular, the decision-making power.

The parties shall not be charged with any fees or costs for the activity of the administrative secretary, with the exception of reasonable expenses (Art. 44 para. 1.1) which shall be paid by the parties. (The principles for the reimbursement of expenses as described in Point II.7. apply.) The administrative secretary is thus not entitled to receive any fees out of the advance on costs; any such payment of fees shall be made by the arbitral tribunal out of the arbitrators’ fees. The parties shall also not be charged with or pay any fees for the administrative secretary outside of the fees and costs decided upon in the proceedings.

Since the advance on costs, according to Art 42, has to be paid by the parties before the case is transferred, it cannot yet take into account the expected costs of an administrative secretary. Therefore, if necessary, Art 43 shall be applied: if expenses for the administrative secretary are likely to be incurred (i.e. regularly at the time of scheduling an oral hearing), the arbitral tribunal shall inform the Secretary General in order to obtain an additional advance on costs.

4. SUBMISSION OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATIONS TO THE SECRETARIAT - VIAC PORTAL

The sole arbitrator or chairperson of the arbitral tribunal undertakes to send to the Secretariat on an ongoing basis electronic copies of all written communications between the arbitral tribunal and the parties, in particular of all decisions and procedural orders (Art. 12 para. 2; with regard to arbitral awards, see Point I.8. of these Guidelines). The parties will also receive a request from the Secretariat to send the Secretariat electronic copies of all submissions and exhibits. This enables the Secretariat to keep a complete identical file in electronic form for each case.

In March 2021, VIAC introduced the VIAC Portal – an online case management platform hosted on HighQ, a cloud-based file sharing and collaboration software operated by Thomson Reuters. On the Portal, a separate case site will be opened for each case. The arbitrators will receive an invitation to the VIAC Portal by e-mail from the VIAC Secretariat as part of the transfer of the file (Art. 11). The transfer of the file will then be carried out using the VIAC Portal, in principle.

Prior to the transfer of the file to the arbitral tribunal, all written communications and exhibits between the parties and the VIAC Secretariat will, in principle, be transmitted via the VIAC Portal. Upon the transfer of the file, the arbitral tribunal shall determine the means of communication between the parties and the arbitral tribunal (Art. 12 para. 2). Therefore, the arbitral tribunal shall decide together with the parties during the first case management conference to what extent the VIAC Portal should be used, and in particular, which set of modules should be used. Arbitrators and parties are encouraged to use the VIAC Portal to the fullest extent possible; the VIAC Secretariat will be happy to assist.

Depending on the determined method of communication, the correspondence with VIAC is carried out via the VIAC Portal or in another electronic form, following the transfer of the file.

The manner of transmission according to the applicable VIAC Rules (Art. 12 para. 3) shall remain unaffected by the introduction of the platform, i.e. written communications can continue to be sent in one of the forms specified therein, e.g. also by e-mail (if addressed to VIAC, please send to office@viac.eu). Electronic transmission via the VIAC Portal is now the preferred form of transmission. In particular, in the event of technical problems with the VIAC Portal, users are requested to contact us immediately in order to solve the problem or discuss an alternative form of transmission.

For more information about the characteristics and functionality, you can read the Guidelines and the User Manual or contact the VIAC Secretariat.

The internal correspondence between and among arbitrators (exchange of drafts, coordination, deliberation, etc.) shall generally not be submitted to the Secretariat.
 

5. MODALITIES OF HEARINGS

The arbitral tribunal may deliberate or take procedural actions at any location it deems appropriate, without thereby resulting in a change of the place of arbitration (Art. 25 para. 2).

To the extent hearings with parties and meetings of arbitrators take place in Vienna, they can be held either at the seat of VIAC in the premises of the Austrian Federal Economic Chamber or any other location.

If courtrooms or meeting rooms in the Austrian Federal Economic Chamber are required, we kindly request you to discuss this need with the case manager handling the case before fixing the date of the meeting. Please inform us of your requirements in due time. We will do our best to provide the necessary infrastructure. We also require information regarding the number of participants, the expected duration, the requested technical equipment (e.g. video conference tools, recording devices, projectors, dictaphones, printers), and special administrative services (e.g. court reporters, etc.). We will then also inform you of the Covid regulations in our building applicable at that time.

Having due regard to the views of the parties and the specific circumstances of the case, the arbitral tribunal may decide to hold an oral hearing in person or by other means (Art. 30 para. 1).
 

6. CONDUCT OF THE PROCEEDINGS

The arbitral tribunal shall conduct the arbitration in accordance with the Vienna Rules / Vienna Investment Arbitration Rules and the agreement of the parties in an efficient and cost-effective manner, but otherwise according to its own discretion. The arbitral tribunal shall treat the parties fairly. The parties shall be granted the right to be heard at every stage of the proceedings (Art. 28 para. 1). At any stage of the proceedings, the arbitral tribunal is entitled to facilitate the parties’ endeavors to reach a settlement (Art. 28 para. 3).

The conduct of any or all arbitrators may be taken into consideration by the General Secretary in determining the arbitrators’ fees (Art. 44 paras. 2, 8 and 11).
 

7. CLOSURE OF THE PROCEEDINGS AND TIME FOR RENDERING THE AWARD

Once the arbitral tribunal concludes that the parties have had sufficient opportunity to make submissions and offer evidence, the arbitral tribunal shall declare the proceedings closed as to the matters to be decided in the award (Art. 32).

The arbitral tribunal may reopen the proceedings at any time.

The award shall be rendered no later than three months (VR) / six months (VRI) after the last hearing concerning matters to be decided in an award or the filing of the last authorized submission concerning such matters, whatever is the later. The Secretary General may extend the time limit pursuant to a reasoned request from the arbitral tribunal or on its own initiative. Exceeding the time limit for the award will not render the arbitration agreement invalid or deprive the arbitral tribunal of its jurisdiction (Art. 32 para. 2).
 

8. ARBITRAL AWARDS

Chairpersons of the arbitral tribunal and sole arbitrators shall submit to the Secretariat an electronic version of the draft award for review. The Secretariat may point out to the arbitral tribunal possible mistakes of form and propose other non-binding amendments. The arbitral tribunal remains solely responsible for the content of the award.

The final versions of the award with and without the signature(s) of the arbitral tribunal shall be submitted electronically to the Secretariat. In addition, the signed last page of the award shall be submitted to the Secretariat in hardcopy form in the number of copies necessary for each party and each arbitrator to receive one copy and for the Secretariat to receive two copies. The signatures of several arbitrators are typically obtained by circulation.

To provide for a standardized form of the award, the necessary number of copies of the award is printed by VIAC, on VIAC stationery intended for awards, are bound in the VIAC Secretariat, are signed by the Secretary General in accordance with Art. 36 para. 4, and are sealed with the VIAC stamp. Confirmation is thereby established that the award is an award of VIAC, rendered and signed by one or more arbitrators appointed under the Vienna Rules / Vienna Investment Arbitration Rules.

The dispatch of the awards to the parties shall be carried out exclusively by the VIAC Secretariat.

Art. 39 applies to the correction, clarification and supplementation of the arbitral award. Even without an application by a party, the arbitral tribunal may, upon its own initiative, issue corrections (Art. 39 para. 1.1) or supplementations (Art. 39 para. 1.3); in such case, a deadline of 30 days after the date of the award shall be observed (Art. 39 para. 3).

 

II. COSTS

1. COMPOSITION OF THE PROCEDURAL COSTS

The procedural costs (Art. 44 para. 1) consist of the administrative fees of VIAC, the arbitrators’ fees and reasonable expenses (para. 1.1, see also the schedule of fees in Annex 3), including any applicable value-added tax (VAT); the parties’ costs (para. 1.2); and other expenses (para. 1.3).
 

2. ADVANCE ON COSTS

The advance on costs (also „deposit”) for the prospective procedural costs in accordance with Art. 44 para. 1.1 is calculated and requested by the Secretary General on the basis of the amount in dispute contained in the statement of claim or counterclaim prior to the transmission of the file to the arbitrators (Art. 42); the decision of the Secretary General in this respect is binding. If the amount in dispute is stated in a currency other than Euro, the Secretariat converts this amount into Euros as of the date of the submission of the statement of claim or counterclaim.

For the calculation of the advance on costs, the Secretariat considers the prospective administrative fees of VIAC and the prospective arbitrators’ fees in accordance with Annex 3, as well as the costs for oral hearings as well as other expenses (see Art. 44 para. 1.1), including any applicable VAT.

For this purpose, please state in the form regarding your transfer instructions whether and, if applicable, at which rate your fees are subject to VAT.

The cost calculator on the VIAC website can forecast only some of these costs; the advance on costs actually fixed will thus, in general, be higher than the amount calculated by the cost calculator.
 

3. ADDITIONAL ADVANCE ON COSTS IN CASE OF MODIFICATIONS OF THE AMOUNT IN DISPUTE AND CONSEQUENCE OF NON-PAYMENT

To be able to request an additional advance on cost from the parties, if any, we kindly ask you to immediately inform the Secretariat of any increases in the amount in dispute (Art. 42 para. 12). In the absence of such information, the increased amount in dispute will not be considered for the determination of arbitrators’ fees.

Until payment of the additional advance on costs, in principle, the arbitral tribunal shall not address the claims that led to the increase or additional advance on costs. In such a case, the arbitral tribunal may suspend the arbitral proceedings in whole or in part, or the Secretary General may terminate the arbitral proceedings (Art. 34 para. 3.1) with respect to the relevant claims (Art. 42 para. 11).

Reductions in the amount in dispute are governed by Art. 44 para. 10, according to which such reductions shall be taken into consideration in the calculation of the administrative and arbitrators’ fees only if the reduction was made before transmission of the file to the arbitral tribunal.
 

4. ADVANCE ON COSTS FOR ADDITONAL PROCEDURAL COSTS

If the arbitrator (arbitral tribunal) considers it necessary to take certain procedural steps that would have cost implications (such as the appointment of experts, court reporters, interpreters or translators, a verbatim transcript of the proceedings, a site visit or relocation of the hearing), the arbitral tribunal shall notify the Secretary General and arrange for these prospective costs to be covered (Art. 43).

The arbitrator (arbitral tribunal) may undertake such procedural steps only once the prospective costs are sufficiently covered. VIAC does not assume liability for costs resulting from arbitrators’ dispositions without being covered by parties’ advance payments.
  

5. CALCULATION OF THE PROCEDURAL COSTS AND REIMBURSEMENT TO PARTIES

At the conclusion of the proceedings, the Secretary General calculates the administrative fees and the arbitrators’ fees according to the amount in dispute on the basis of the schedule of fees (Annex 3) and determines these fees together with the expenses (Art. 44 para. 1.1 in connection with Art. 44 para. 2); the decision of the Secretary General is binding. Thus, chairpersons and sole arbitrators are kindly requested to inform the Secretariat of all cash outlays for which they have not yet been reimbursed. The Secretary General submits the determination of procedural costs in accordance with Art. 44 para. 1.1 to the arbitral tribunal; the arbitral tribunal shall state in the arbitral award the costs determined by the Secretary General in accordance with Art. 44 para. 1.1 in connection with Art. 44 para. 2.

The costs and other expenses outlined in Art. 44 paras. 1.2 and 1.3, by contrast, shall be determined and fixed by the arbitral tribunal in its decision on costs (Art. 38). Upon request by a party, the arbitral tribunal may at any stage during the arbitral proceedings make decisions on costs pursuant to Article 44 paragraphs 1.2 and 1.3 and order payment (Art. 38 para. 3).

In its decision on costs, the arbitral tribunal shall also establish who will bear the costs of the proceedings or the apportionment of these costs. Unless the parties have agreed otherwise, the arbitral tribunal shall decide on the allocation of costs according to its own discretion. The conduct of any or all parties as well as their representatives (Art. 13), and in particular their contribution to the conduct of efficient and cost-effective proceedings, may be taken into consideration by the arbitral tribunal in its decision on costs pursuant to Art. 38.

If, after deduction of the calculated procedural costs in accordance with Art. 44 para. 1.1 from the paid advance on costs, a credit remains, such remaining deposit will be paid back to the parties after the termination of the proceedings. Usually, the Secretariat pays back such remaining deposits to the parties in proportion to the payments made to VIAC (typically 50:50). The parties can stipulate that the remaining deposit shall be paid back in a different ratio (in percentage or absolute numbers); in such case, the arbitral tribunal is asked to inform the Secretariat accordingly.
 

6. ARBITRATORS' FEES

The arbitrators’ fees are based on the amount in dispute. The arbitrators’ fees listed in Annex 3 apply to sole arbitrators. The total fee for a panel of arbitrators is two-and-a-half times the rate of a sole arbitrator (Art. 44 para. 8). It is not permissible to agree on higher fees with the parties. No legal claim for a specific arbitrator’s fee will arise from the amount of fees as calculated by the cost calculator. As to accounting see Point II.8. below.

The fees listed in Annex 3 comprise all partial and interim decisions such as awards on jurisdiction, partial awards, decisions on the challenge of experts, orders for conservatory or interim measures, other decisions including additional procedural steps in setting aside proceedings, and procedural orders (Art. 44 para. 9).

If more than two parties are involved in an arbitration, the amount of the arbitrators’ fees shall be increased by 10 percent for each additional party, up to a maximum increase of 50. This increased amount will then be the basis for a further increase or decrease due to special circumstances (Art. 44 para. 4 in connection with para. 8).

For counterclaims (Art. 9), the Secretary General shall calculate and determine the arbitrators’ fees separately (Art. 44 para. 5).

For claims raised by way of set-off against the principal claims, the Secretary General may calculate and determine the arbitrators’ fees separately to the extent that these claims have required the arbitral tribunal to consider additional matters (Art. 44 para. 6).

For requests for joinder of third parties (Art. 14), the Secretary General may calculate and determine the arbitrators’ fees separately, having regard to the circumstances of the case (Art. 44 para. 7).

The Secretary General may increase the arbitrators’ fees according to her own discretion by a maximum total of 40 percent vis-à-vis the schedule of fees (Annex 3), in particular for especially complex cases or for especially efficient conduct of proceedings; conversely, the Secretary General may decrease the arbitrators’ fees by a maximum total of 40 percent, in particular for inefficient conduct of proceedings (Art. 44 para. 8).

Arbitrators are free to enter into an agreement among themselves on the splitting of arbitrators’ fees among them. If the Secretariat is not informed otherwise (at the latest together with the notification on unsettled accounts for cash outlays at the conclusion of the proceedings), the arbitrators’ fees will be split in the proportion of 40% for the chairperson and 30% for each co-arbitrator.

The arbitrators’ fees are, in principle, determined by the Secretary General at the end of the proceedings. Prior to termination of the arbitral proceedings, the Secretary General may make payments on account to the arbitrators in consideration of the stage of the proceedings (Art. 44 para. 2).

7. REIMBURSEMENT OF CASH OUTLAYS

The advance on costs paid by the parties includes an amount reserved for cash outlays in accordance with Art. 44 para. 1.1, which is calculated by the Secretary General based on the experience gained from previous cases.

Reasonable expenses of the arbitrators, such as e.g. travel and living costs, costs for communications services, and other case-related costs, will be reimbursed upon receipt of invoices. Under this condition, e.g. cash outlays for courier services, mailings, telephone conferences organized by a provider etc. are refundable, but not, however, e.g. cash outlays for skype calls or emails.

In case of train travel, the price for first-class tickets will be refunded. In case of air travel, (i) outside of Europe the price for a business class ticket at most, (ii) within Europe the price for an economy class (in justified exceptions business class) ticket will be refunded. The per diem rate for non-resident arbitrators is € 150.00, which will be paid upon request only. If overnight stays are necessary, a maximum amount of € 400.00 (per diem and overnight stay) provided that invoices are submitted, or a maximum amount of € 300.00 (per diem and overnight stay) if no invoices are submitted, will be refunded upon request. Fares for necessary taxi (cab) rides will be refunded upon receipt of the bills. If an arbitrator uses his/her own car, the official Austrian mileage allowance (currently € 0.42 per kilometer) shall apply, however not exceeding the recoverable airfare for the same distance and will be paid upon request.

Reasonable expenses for a tribunal secretary shall be refunded by the parties (see above Point I.3.).

The above rates include all potential taxes and charges.

As a certain administrative infrastructure is a prerequisite for an arbitrator, no refund shall be made for expenses regarding the use of legal database services, for the purchase of legal literature, such as e.g. journals, etc.

To ensure that sufficient funds for the reimbursement of cash outlays are provided, we kindly request arbitrators state their expenses immediately if higher cash outlays have accrued, e.g. upon the conclusion of a hearing.

Unless otherwise instructed, cash outlays will be refunded in Euro currency into the account designated by the arbitrator.

If cash outlays are stated in a currency other than Euro, the Secretariat converts this amount into Euros as of the invoice date.
  

8. ACCOUNTING AND VALUE-ADDED TAX IN ARBITRATION PROCEEDINGS

With regard to value-added tax (VAT) on arbitrators' fees, the services of the arbitrators shall be deemed to have been rendered equally to all parties. Therefore, the arbitrator’s fee is always charged 50:50 to the parties (i.e. the Claimant's and the Respondent's side) since the arbitrator’s services are rendered equally to the parties (or party's sides), regardless of who has paid the advance on costs. To prevent the non-paying party from reclaiming VAT in the form of input VAT deduction, the invoice to the parties in such a case should include a note stating that only one party has paid the advance. A fee advance (see Point II.6. above) paid by the institution to an arbitrator is also already a taxable "payment" and must therefore be invoiced to the parties.

In Austria (and other member states of the European Union), for the purpose of implementation of Council Directive 2008/8/EC of 12 February 2008 as regards the place of supply of services, the principle applies that services rendered by an arbitrator are deemed to be rendered at the relevant party's place of business and that vis-à-vis EU-entrepreneurs the “reverse charge” mechanism is to be applied. According to the "reverse charge" principle, the entrepreneur for whom the service was provided in accordance with Art 44 of the Directive is liable for VAT if the service was provided by a service provider not established in this Member State (Art 196 of the Directive).

In practice, this means that not only the fees of individual arbitrators belonging to the same panel may be treated differently from a tax point of view, but also that the respective shares paid in advance by the respective parties, will be subject to different levels of VAT or may even be exempt from tax. In order to enable the Secretary General to calculate the applicable VAT correctly, the arbitrators are obliged to inform the Secretary General of the expected amount of the tax rate (Art. 44 para. 13). In practice, this is done together with the declaration of acceptance.

Since the question of VAT (whether and to what extent it is payable) - depending on the domicile of the parties - is to be assessed differently, it should, in any case, be addressed by the arbitrator at the beginning of the proceedings (preferably in the case management conference) and discussed with the parties, both with regard to the arbitrators’ fees and with regard to the parties’ representatives’ fees. In any case, the arbitrator should request the parties' VAT identification number at the beginning of the proceedings.

 

Vienna International Arbitral Centre
of the Austrian Federal Economic Chamber (VIAC)
Wiedner Hauptstrasse 63, A-1045 Vienna 

T +43 (0)5 90 900 4398
F +43 (0)5 90 900 216
E  office@viac.eu

An overview of the key features of the new rules on investment procedures can be found here:

• Article 1 VRI and Article 1 VMRI define the scope of application of the VIAC Rules of Investment Arbitration and Mediation.
  
  
• Article 4 VRI contains a provision on the waiver of immunity which is of importance in investment proceedings.
  
  
• New definitions have been included in Article 6 VRI, namely for „Third-Party Funding", „Non-Disputing Parties“, and „Non-Disputing Treaty Parties" due to corresponding provisions in the rules (Article 13a, Article 14a VRI).
  
  
• The information required in a statement of claim has been amended to include the nationality of the parties (Article 7 para 2.2 VRI) as well as the instrument of consent to submit a dispute to arbtiration under the VRI (Article 7 para 2.7 VRI).
  
  
• Accordingly, the answer to the statement of claim should also contain statements in this regard (Article 8 paras 2.2 and 2.3 VRI).
  
  
• All new proceedings are administered by VIAC through an electronic case management system and the “VIAC Portal” is available to parties and arbitrators for the secure exchange of case related documents. The VRI therefore provides for the submission of the statement of claim and the transmission of documents in electronic form (Articles 7, 12 and 36 VRI and Articles 1 and 3 VMRI).
  
  
• Article 13a VRI contains a provison on third-party funding in investment proceedings to ensure the independence and impartiality of the arbitrators through appropriate disclosure. In addition, the arbitral tribunal, if it deems it necessary, may order the disclosure of specific details of the third-party funding arrangement and/or the funders’ interest in the outcome of the proceedings. It may also, if necessary, order the disclosure of whether or not the third-party funder has committed to undertake adverse costs liability.
  
  
• In order to allow for submissions by "Non-Disputing Parties" as well as "Non-Disputing Treaty Parties", which are typical and necessary in investment proceedings initiated on the basis of a treaty or statute, a respective provision was included in Article 14a VRI. The scope of Article 14 on the joinder of third parties, however, was limited to arbitration proceedings for disputes based on a contract.
  
  
• The consolidation of investment procedures is only permitted if both procedures are administered by VIAC (Article 15 para 1 VRI).
  
  
• According to the VRI, the dispute shall in principle be decided by a panel of three arbitrators; only where the amount in dispute does not exceed EUR 10 million the dispute shall be decided by a sole arbitrator. However, the Board may determine, taking into account the views of the parties, that the difficulty of the case or other relevant circumstances justify the appointment of a panel of arbitrators (Article 17 para 2 VRI).
  
  
• There is also a special feature for the appointment of the chairperson by the Board: in this case, the Secretary General shall transmit a list of candidates for appointment as chairperson to the parties and allow them to strike one name from the list and rank the remaining candidates in order of preference. The Board shall appoint the candidate with the best ranking. If two or more candidates share the best ranking, the Board shall select one of them.
  
  
• For investment proceedings, it was expressly stipulated that the nationality of the arbitrators should be different from the nationality of the parties, unless the parties have agreed otherwise (Article 17 para 8 VRI).
  
  
• An objection due to lack of jurisdiction is to be raised following the constitution of the arbitral tribunal, but no later than with the first pleading on the merits (Article 24 para 1 VRI).
  
  
• Article 24a VIR contains an important provision for investment proceedings to prevent "frivolous claims" by providing for the early dismissal of claims, counterclaims and defences at the request of a party if they are manifestly outisde the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal, manifestly inadmissible or manifestly without legal merit.
  
  
• In the absence of an agreement by the parties, the place of arbitration in investment proceedings is determined by the arbitral tribunal; there is no fall-back provision that provides for Vienna as the place of arbitration as foreseen in the commercial rules (Article 25 para 1 VRI).
  
  
• With respect to the applicable law in the absence of an agreement by the parties, the arbitral tribunal shall apply the applicable law or rules of law which it considers appropriate, including any relevant treaties, relevant national laws of any State, any relevant international custom and general principles of law (Article 28 para 2 VRI).
  
  
• Also in investment proceedings, oral hearings may be conducted in person or by other means (e.g. remote via videoconferencing technology); the arbitral tribunal shall decide on this, taking into account the views of the parties and the particular circumstances of the case (Article 30 para 1 VRI). The same applies to mediation sessions (Article 9 para 3 VMRI).
  
  
• In order to enable an amicable solution also in investment proceedings, it is expressly stated in the VRI that the arbitral tribunal is entitled to assist the parties in their endeavours to reach a settlement at any time during the proceedings (Article 28 para 3 VRI).
  
  
• A further provision to increase procedural efficiency is contained in Article 32 para 2 VRI, which sets a time limit for the rendering of the award. Accordingly, an award must be rendered no later than six months after the last hearing concerning matters to be decided in an award or the filing of the last authorized submission concerning such matters, whatever is the later. The Secretary General may extend the time limit pursuant to a reasoned request from the arbitral tribunal or on its own initiative.
  
  
• Article 41 VRI contains a provision on the publication of certain limited information on the arbitration (it may do so in the public interest) and anonymised summaries of awards by VIAC. This is without prejudice to the agreement of the parties on the UNCITRAL Transparency Rules.
  
  
• In fixing the advance on costs as well as the arbitrators' fees, the VIAC Secretary General has more flexibility to address the greater complexity of cases in investment proceedings (Articles 42 and 44 VRI).
  
  
• The Schedule of Fees in Annex 3 has also been revised. While the registration fee and administrative fees for low amounts in dispute have remained the same, the administrative fees for amounts in dispute above EUR 100,000 as well as the arbitrators’ fees for amounts in dispute above EUR 200,000 have been increased to reflect the increased complexity in investment proceedings as well as the extended services of VIAC (HighQ file sharing platform, electronic case management database). VIAC nevertheless remains very attractive for parties in terms of costs when compared with other institutions, but ensures that arbitrators are remunerated fairly for demanding proceedings with high amounts in dispute.
  
  
• The following model clauses for (investment) contracts are available: Arbitration Clause, Model Clause for Arb-Med-Arb Procedure; Mediation Clauses; Model Clause for VIAC as Appointing Authority; Model Clause for VIAC as Administering Authority (Annex 1).
  
  
• The Annexes 4 and 5 to the VRI and VRMI contain detailed rules for cases in which VIAC is requested to act as appointing or administering authority in ad hoc proceedings.In addition to the rules for investment arbitration, the new rules also contain separate provisions for the conduct of mediation in investment disputes in order to promote this area as well and to offer another possibility for solving disputes. Arb-Med-Arb combinations are also possible.

What is investment arbitration?

Investment arbitration is a procedure for resolving disputes between foreign investors and host states. The promotion of investment and thus the economic development of the contracting parties is an intended effect of investment protection agreements. An appropriate legal framework with a minimum of legal certainty is essential for private investments. This also includes the availability of international dispute settlement mechanisms that offer legal protection and contribute to a depoliticization of investment disputes.

In the event of a dispute, access is therefore provided to independent and qualified arbitrators who, in accordance with various standards of protection granted under international agreements, decide on the dispute and render an enforceable award. Thanks to the 1958 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, an arbitral award is recognized and enforceable in most countries of the world.

As in commercial arbitration, the agreement to arbitrate may provide that arbitration proceedings will be administered by an institution such as VIAC.

VIAC was established by the Austrian Federal Economic Chamber in 1975 and has since then been an independent and neutral institution for the administration of commercial disputes, focusing on the CEE/SEE and CIS region. The expansion of the portfolio to include the administration of investment disputes takes account of international developments and takes account of Austria's special role as a neutral place for dispute resolution and Vienna in particular as a center for international exchange and negotiation. With its historically established position in Central and Eastern Europe, VIAC may be an alternative to States and investors from this area to ICSID and proceedings in Washington.

With the new VIAC Rules for Investment Arbitration ("Vienna Investment Arbitration Rules"), VIAC offers a set of specialized arbitral rules to accommodate the unique features of investment arbitration, including the involvement of sovereign parties and the implication of issues of public interest and public policy, while providing a cost-effective solution. The rules of arbitration are complemented by the Vienna Investment Mediation Rules, which may be applied independently of, or in conjunction, with arbitration proceedings.

The Vienna Investment Arbitration Rules are intended to apply by agreement to the arbitration of investment disputes arising under a contract, treaty, statute or other instrument and involving a State, a State-controlled entity or an intergovernmental organization.

VIAC thus administers investment proceedings when this has been provided for in one of the above instruments and the dispute involves a state, a state-controlled enterprise or an intergovernmental organization.

Investment proceedings that do not benefit from institutional support (ad hoc proceedings) are typically conducted under the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules. However, also in ad hoc proceedings, VIAC offers its services as appointing authority (under Annex 4 to the Vienna Investment Arbitration Rules) or as administering authority (under Annex 5 to the Vienna Investment Arbitration Rules) and assists the parties in a quick and cost-efficient resolution of their dispute, by e.g. helping in the organization of the hearing. More details can be found here.

Unless the parties have agreed otherwise, investment arbitration proceedings are confidential. However, as public interests are at stake in such proceedings, a certain degree of transparency is required. The Vienna Rules on Investment Arbitration therefore expressly provides for the participation of amicus curiae, the publication of certain limited information, and the publication of anonymized summaries of awards.

To increase transparency in investor-state arbitration, the UNCITRAL Rules on Transparency in Treaty-Based Investor State Arbitration have been adopted. Subject to an agreement of the parties, these Rules require that party briefs, expert reports, procedural orders and awards must be made public and hearings must be held in public. For this purpose, VIAC refers parties to the UNCITRAL Transparency Registry.

Please click the following flow-chart to see how investment proceedings will be conducted under the Vienna Investment Arbitration Rules 2021.

It is recommended that parties wishing to select VIAC as administering authority pursuant to Annex 5 insert the following wording in their arbitration / mediation clause:

The Vienna International Arbitral Centre (VIAC) of the Austrian Federal Economic Chamber shall act as administering authority in accordance with Annex 5 to the VIAC Rules of Investment Arbitration and Investment Mediation.